Reading+List

Current reading list: ** 06/24/2009 ** ** Reading List for Comprehensive Examination in Stratification: Fall 2008 ** In addition to the specific references noted below, you should be familiar with the major stratification issues in the last few years by reading the stratification articles in the last two years of //American Sociological Review//, //The American Journal of Sociology//, //Social Forces//, and relevant review essays in //Contemporary Sociology//, and //Annual Review of Sociology//. = I. THEORY =

1. Marx on Capitalism, Class, and the Labor Process
Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. 2000 [1848]. “The Communist Manifesto.” Pp. 245-272 in //Karl Marx: Selected Writings// edited by David McLellan. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.

Marx, Karl 1993 [1850]. “Excerpts from The Class Struggles in France, 1848 to 1850.” Pp. 281-317 //Surveys from Exile: Political Writings, Volume 2// edited by David Fernbach. New York: Vintage. Karl Marx. 1976 [1867]. //Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I. Translated by Ben Fowkes. New York: New Vintage Books. // Excerpts to be Read from Book (from SOCY 661 Syllabus): Chpt. 1: "The Commodity," pp.125-137, Chpt. 3. “Money & the Circulation of Commodities,” pp. 188-198, Chpt. 4: "The General Formula for Capital," pp.247-257, Chpt. 5: "Contradictions in the General Formula," pp.258-269, Chpt. 8: "Constant Capital and Variable Capital," pp.307-319, Chpt. 9: "The Rate of Surplus Value," pp.320-339, Chpt. 11: "The Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value," 417-426, Chpt. 12: "The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value," pp.429-438, Chpt. 16: "Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value," pp.643-654. Chpt. 23: “Simple Reproduction,” pp.711-724, Chpt. 24: "The Transformation of Surplus Value into Capital," pp. 725-734, Chpt. 25: "The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation." pp.794-802, Chpt. 26: “So-Called Primitive Accumulation,” pp.873-876.

2. Marx’s Labor Theory of Value, and the Labor Process
Chpt. 6: "The Sale and Purchase of Labour-Power," pp.270-280, Chpt. 7, "The Labour Process and the Valorization Process." pp.283-306, Chpt. 10, "The Working Day," pp.340-352; 389-416, Chpt. 13, “Co-operation,” pp. 439-454, Chpt. 14, "The Division of Labour and Manufacture," pp.455-470; 480-491, Chpt. 20, “Time Wages,” pp.683-691, Chpt. 21, “Piece-Wages,” pp.692-700, a. “Chapter 1: The Commodity” pp. 125-137 b. “Chapter 3: Money, or the Circulation of Commodities” pp. 188-198 c. “Chapter 4: The General Formula for Capital” pp. 247-257 d. “Chapter 5: Contradictions in the General Formula” pp. 258-269 e. “Chapter 6: The Sale and Purchase of Labour-Power” pp. 270-280 f. “Chapter 7: The Labour Process and the Valorization Process” pp. 283-306 g. “Chapter 8: Constant Capital and Variable Capital” pp. 307-319 h. “Chapter 9: The Rate of Surplus-Value” pp. 320-339 i. “Chapter 10: The Working Day” pp. 340-352; 389-411 j. “Chapter 11: The Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value” pp. 417-426 k. “Chapter 12: The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value” pp. 429-438 l. “Chapter 13: Co-operation” pp. 439-452 m. “Chapter 14: The Division of Labour and Manufacture” pp. 455-470; 480-491 n. “Chapter 15: Machinery and Large-Scale Industry” pp. 492-564; 588-610 o. “Chapter 16: Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value” pp. 643-654 p. “Chapter 17: Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value” pp. 655-667 q. “Chapter 19: The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages” pp. 675-682 r. “Chapter 20: Time-Wages” pp. 683-691 s. “Chapter 21: Piece-Wages” pp. 692-700 t. “Chapter 23: Simple Reduction” pp. 711-724 u. “Chapter 24: The Transformation of Surplus-Value into Capital” pp. 794-802 v. “Chapter 25: The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation” pp. 794-802 w. “Chapter 26: The Secret of Primitive Accumulation” pp. 873-876
 * Chpt. 15, “Machinery & Large-Scale Industry ,” pp. 492-564; 588-610,
 * Chpt. 17, "Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value." pp.655-667,
 * Chpt. 19, "Wages," pp.675-682,

Braverman, Harry. 1998 [1974]. //Labor and Monopoly: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century//. 25th Anniversary ed. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Wardell, Mark, Thomas L. Steiger, and Peter Meiksins. 1999. “Preface.” Pp. vii-ix in //Rethinking the Labor Process// edited by Mark Wardell, Thomas L. Steiger, and Peter Meiksins. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Burris, Beverly H. 1999. “Braverman, Taylorism, and Technocracy.” Pp. 37-52 in //Rethinking the Labor Process// edited by Mark Wardell, Thomas L. Steiger, and Peter Meiksins. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Kraft, Philip. 1999. “To Control and Inspire: U.S. Management in the Age of Computer Information Systems and Global Production.” Pp. 17-36 in //Rethinking the Labor Process// edited by Mark Wardell, Thomas L. Steiger, and Peter Meiksins. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Rogers, Jackie Krasas. 1999. “Deskilled and Devalued: Changes in the Labor Process in Temporary Clerical Work.” Pp. 53-78 in //Rethinking the Labor Process// edited by Mark Wardell, Thomas L. Steiger, and Peter Meiksins. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Andrews, Christopher K, Craig D. Lair and Bart Landry. “The Labor Process in Software Startups: Production on a Virtual Assembly Line?” pp. 45-75 in Rowena Barrett, ed. //Management, Labour Process and Software Development//. Routledlge, 2005. //Management, Labour Process and Software Development//. Routledlge, 2005.

Mark Bray & Craig R. Littler, “The Labour Process and Industrial Relations:Review of the Literature.” //Labour & Industry, Vol. 1, No.3, pp.551-587, October 1988.//

Bente Rasmussen & Birgitte Johansen, “Trick or Treat? Autonomy as Control in Knowledge Work,” pp. 100-122 in Barrett, ed. //Management, Labour Process and Software Development.// Ossowski, Stanislaw. 1963. “Chapter V: The Marxian Synthesis.” Pp. 69-88 in //Class Structure in Social Consciousness//. New York: Free Press.

Greider, William. 1997. //One World, Ready or Not: The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism//. New York: Simon & Schuster. Excerpts to be Read from Book: a. “Chapter 3: The Ghost of Marx” pp. 39-53 b. “Chapter 11: The Alchemists” pp. 227- 258 The Socialized Worker

Nick Dyer-Witheford**,** //Cyber-Marx// Chpt. 4, “Cycles,” pp. 62-90, & Chpt 7, “Postmodernists,” pp.165-191.

Negri, //The Politics of Subversion.// Polity Press, 1989. Polity Press, 1989. //Chpts. 2-7.//

4. Weber
Weber, Max. 2002. [1904/1905]. //The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism//. Translated by Stephen Kalberg. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Company.

Weber, Max. 1978. //Economy and Society, Volume 1 and 2//. Berkeley: University of California Press. Excerpts to be Read from Book: a. “//Volume// 1,Part I, Chapter IV, 1. Status Groups and Classes” pp. 302-306 b. “//Volume 2//, Part II, Chapter IX, 6. The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party” pp. 926-940 Parkin, Frank. 1971. “Chapter 1: The Dimensions of Class Inequality.” Pp. 13-47 in // Class Inequality and Political Order: Social Stratification in Capitalist and Communist Societies //. New York: Praeger.

Weber, Max. 2005 [1930]. //General Economic History//. Translated by Frank H. Knight. 9th ed. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. Excerpts to be Read from Book: a. “Chapter XXII: The Meaning and Presuppositions of Modern Capitalism” pp. 275-278. b. “Chapter XXIII: The External Facts in the Evolution of Capitalism” pp. 279-285 c. “Chapter XXIV: The First Great Speculative Crisis” pp. 286-291 d. “Chapter XXVI: Colonial Policy from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century” pp. 298-301 e. “Chapter XXVII: The Development of Industrial Technique” pp. 302-314 f. “Chapter XXX: The Evolution of the Capitalist Spirit” pp. 352-369

Collins, Randall. 1980. “Weber’s Last Theory of Capitalism: A Systematization.” //American Sociological Review//, 45 (6): 925-942.

Wright, Erik Olin. 2002. “The Shadow of Class Exploitation in Weber’s Class Analysis.” //American Sociological Review//, 67 (6): 832-853.

5. Class Analysis & The Boundary Problem
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1977. “The New Petty Bourgeoisie” Pp. 113-124 in //Class and Class Structure// edited by Alan Hunt. London: Lawrence and Wishart.

Bechhofer, F. and B. Elliott. 1985. “The Petite Bourgeoisie in Late Capitalism.” //Annual Review of Sociology//, 11:181-207. *Breen, Richard. “Foundations of a neo-Weberian Class Analysis.” Pp. 31-50 in Erik Olin Wright, ed. //Approaches to Class Analysis.// Cambridge, 2005.


 * Frank Parkin, “The ‘Boundary Problem’ in Sociology.” Pp.162-177 in David Grusky, ed. Social Stratification. Originally from //Maraxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique.// Taylor & Francis Books 1979//.//


 * Kim A. Weeden and David Grusky, “Are Social Classes Decomposing?” Paper presented at the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 2002.

Kim A. Weeden & David B. Grusky, “The Case for a New Class Map.” //American Journal of Sociology// Volume 111 Number 1 (July 2005): 141-212. [This is a revision of the above paper using log linear analysis.]

Wright, Erik Olin and Luca Perrone. 1977. “Marxist Class Categories and Income Inequality.” //American Sociological Review//, 42 (1): 32-55. Frank Parkin,.” “The ‘Boundary Problem’ in Sociology Pp.162-177 in David Grusky, ed. Social Stratification. Originally from //Maraxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique.// Taylor & Francis Books 1979//.// Goldthorpe, John H., David Lockwood, Frank Bechhofer, and Jennifer Platt. 1969. //The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure//. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Excerpts to be Read from Book: a. “Chapter 1: Introduction: The Debate on the Working Class” pp. 1-29 b. “Chapter 3: The World of Work” pp. 54-84 c. “Chapter 6: Conclusion: The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure” pp. 157-194
 * Parkin, Frank. "The Dimensions of Class Inequality," Chpt. 1 in Frank Parkin, //Class Inequality and Political Order//**.** New York: Praeger, 1971.

Parkin, Frank. 1971. “Chapter 1: The Dimensions of Class Inequality.” Pp. 13-47 in // Class Inequality and Political Order: Social Stratification in Capitalist and Communist Societies //. New York: Praeger. Kim A. Weeden and David Grusky, “Are Social Classes Decomposing?” Paper presented at the 97th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 2002.

Kim A. Weeden & David B. Grusky, “The Case for a New Class Map.” //American Journal of Sociology// Volume 111 Number 1 (July 2005): 141-212. [This is a revision of the above paper using log linear analysis.]

*Harold M. Baron, **"**The Demand for Black Labor: Historical Notes on the Political Economy of Racism." //Radical America// Volume 5, Number 2 (March-April, 1971):1-46.


 * Bonacich, Edna. "Class Approaches to Ethnicity and Race." //Insurgent Sociologist//. 10 (1), 1980.

Sidney M. Wilhelm, "Can Marxism Explain America's Racism?" //Social Problems//, Vol.28, No.2, December 1980:98-112.

Liem, Paul & Eric Montague, eds. “Toward a Marxist Theory of Racism: Two Essays by Harry Chang.” //Review of Radical Political Economics// Vol. 17(3): 34-45 (1985).


 * Landry, Bart, “The Enduring Dilemma of Race in America.” Pp. 185-207 in Alan Wolfe, ed. //America// //at Century’s End.// University of California Press, 1991.

Thomas M. Shapiro. //The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality.// Oxford University Press, 2004.

William J. Wilson. //The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy.// University of Chicago Press, 1987. Western, Bruce and Becky Pettit. 2005. “Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration.” //American Journal of Sociology//, 111 (2): 553-578.

Huffman, Matt L. and Philip N. Cohen. 2004. “Racial Wage Inequality: Job Segregation and Devaluation Across U.S. Labor Markets.” //American Journal of Sociology//, 109 (4): 902-936.

McCall, Leslie. 2001. “Sources of Racial Wage Inequality in Metropolitan Labor Markets: Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Differences.” //American Sociological Review//, 66 (4): 520-541.

Grodsky, Eric and Devah Pager. 2001. “The Structure of Disadvantage: Individual and Occupational Determinants of the Black-White Wage Gap.” //American Sociological Review//, 66 (4): 542-567.

Harry Braverman, Chpt. 15, “Clerical Workers.” Pp. 203-247 in Harry Braverman, //Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degredation of Work in the Twentieth Century.// Monthly Review Press, 1998 [1974].

Paul Thompson, **“**The Other Division of Labour,” pp. 18—209 in Paul Thompson, //The Nature of Work,// 2nd ed. Macmillan, 1989.

Louise Marie Roth, //Selling Women Short: Gender and Money on Wall Street.// Princeton University Press, 2006. Barbara Ehrenreich & Arlie Russell Hochschild, eds. //Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, & Sex Workers in the New Economy.// New York: Henry Holt, 2002. Hartmand, Heidi. 2001. “The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union.” Pp. 673-680 in //Social Stratification: Race, Class, & Gender in Sociological Perspective// edited by David B. Grusky. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

Szelenyi, Szonja. 2001. “The ‘Woman Problem’ in Stratification Theory and Research.” Pp. 681-688 in //Social Stratification: Race, Class, & Gender in Sociological Perspective// edited by David B. Grusky. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

Bielby, William T. 2001. “The Structure and Process of Sex Segregation.” Pp. 703-714 in //Social Stratification: Race, Class, & Gender in Sociological Perspective// edited by David B. Grusky. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

Jacobs, Jerry A. 2001. “Revolving Doors: Sex Segregation and Women’s Careers.” Pp. 714-719 in //Social Stratification: Race, Class, & Gender in Sociological Perspective// edited by David B. Grusky. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

Peterson, Trond and Laurie A. Morgan. 2001. “The Within-Job Gender Wage Gap.” Pp. 734-742 in //Social Stratification: Race, Class, & Gender in Sociological Perspective// edited by David B. Grusky. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano and Roslyn L. Feldberg. 1995. “Clerical Work: The Female Occupation.” Pp. 262-286 in //Women: A Feminist Perspective// edited by Jo Freeman. Mountain View: Mayfield Publishing Company.

Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. 1992. “From Servitude to Service Work: Historical Continuities in the Racial Division of Paid Reproductive Labor.” //Signs//, 18 (1): 1-43.

Grusky, David B. and Maria Charles. 2001. “Is There a Worldwide Sex Segregation Regime?” Pp. 689-703 in //Social Stratification: Race, Class, & Gender in Sociological Perspective// edited by David B. Grusky. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview Press.

Cohen, Philip N. and Matt L. Huffman. 2003. “Occupational Segregation and the Devaluation of Women’s Work Across U.S. Labor Markets.” //Social Forces//, 81 (3): 881-908. =Special Topics=

A. Attainment: School Effects
Bowles, Samuel and Herbert Gintis. 1976. //Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life//. New York: Basic Books, Inc. Excerpts to be Read from Book: a. “Part I: The Contradictions of Liberal Education Reform” pp. 3-52 b. “Part II: Education and the Structure of Economic Life” pp. 53-148 (Especially)

Jencks, Christopher, Marshall Smith, Henry Acland, Mary Jo Bane, David Cohen, Herbert Gintis, Barbara Heyns, and Stephan Michelson. 1972. //Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effects of Family and Schooling in America.// New York: Basic. Read chapters 1, 2 and 5.

Alexander, Karl L., Doris R. Entwisle, and Linda Steffel Olson. 2007. "Lasting consequences of the summer learning gap." //American Sociological Review// 72(April): 167-180.

Currie, Janet. 2001. "Early Childhood Education Programs." //Journal of Economic Perspectives// 15(Spring): 213-38.

B. Attainment: Family Structure
Harding, J. David, Christopher Jencks, Leonard M. Lopoo, and Susan E. Mayer. 2007. "Family Background and Income in Adulthood, 1961-1999." Pp. 442-453 in //The// //Inequality Reader: Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class, and Gender//. Edited by David B. Grusky and Szonya Szelenyi. Colorado: Westview Press. Lareau, Annette. 2002. “Invisible Inequality: Social Class and Childrearing in Black Families and White Families.” //American Sociological Review//, 67 (5): 747-776.

Lubrano, Alfred. 2004. //Limbo: Blue-Collar Roots, White Collar Dreams.// John Wiley. Blau, Peter M. and Otis D. Duncan. 2000. “The Process of Stratification.” Pp. 35-46 in //The Structure of Schooling: Readings in the Sociology of Education// edited by Richard Arum and Irenee R. Beattie. New York: McGraw Hill.

Bernstein, Basil. 1971. "Social Class, Language and Socialization." Pp.170-189 in //Class, Codes and Control// B. Bernstein. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Goldthorpe, John. 2007. "The Experience of mobility." Pp. 361-372 in //The// //Inequality Reader: Contemporary and Foundational Readings in Race, Class, and Gender//. Edited by David B. Grusky and Szonya Szelenyi. Colorado: Westview Press.

Downey, Douglas B. 1995. "When Bigger is Not Better: Family Size, Parental Resources, and Children’s Educational Performance." //American Sociological Review// 60(October): 746-761.

Conley, Dalton. 2004. //The Pecking Order: Which Siblings Succeed and Why.// New York: Random House. Read chapters 1-3.

McLanahan, Sara, and Gary Sandefur. 1994. //Growing Up with a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps.// Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Geronimus, Arline T. and Sanders Korenman. 1992. "The Socioeconomic Consequences of Teen Childbearing Reconsidered." //Quarterly Journal of Economics// 107: 1187-1214.

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, “Schooling in Capitalist America Revisited.” Unpublished paper.

C. Poverty
Edin, Kathryn & Maria Kefalas. 2007. //Promises I can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood Before Marriage.// Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

Reich, Jennifer. 2005. //Fixing Families: Parents, Power, and the Child Welfare System.// New York: Routledge.

Iceland, John. 2003. Poverty in America, Chapters 2-7. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Iceland, John. 2005. “Measuring Poverty: Theoretical and Empirical Considerations.” //Measurement// 3, 4: 199-235.

Sen, Amartya.1983. "Poor, Relatively Speaking." Oxford Economic Papers 35, 2: 153-69.

Corcoran, Mary. 2001. “Mobility, Persistence, and the Consequences of Poverty for Children: Child and Adult Outcomes.” In //Understanding Poverty,// edited by Sheldon Danziger and Robert Haveman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001, Chapter 4: 127-161.

Moller, Stephanie, Evelyne Huber, John D. Stephens, David Bradley, and Francois Nielsen. “Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies.” //American Sociological Review//, Vol. 68, No. 1. (Feb.), pp. 22-51. Sawhill, Isabel and John E. Morton. 2007. “Economic Mobility: Is the American Dream Alive and Well?” Economic Mobility Project, The Pew Charitable Trusts Report,

Hoynes, Hilary W., Marianne E. Page, and Ann Huff Stevens. 2006. "Poverty in America: Trends and Explanations" //Journal of Economic Perspectives// 20(Winter): 47-68.

Chen, Wen-Hao and Miles Corak. 2008. "Child Poverty and Changes in Child Poverty." //Demography// 45(August): 537-553.

Clampet-Lundquist, Susan and Douglas S. Massey. 2008. "Neighborhood Effects on Economic Self-Sufficiency: A Reconsideration of the Moving to Opportunity Experiment." //American Journal of Sociology// 114(July): 107â43.

Ludwig, Jens, Jeffrey B. Liebman, Jeffrey R. Kling, Greg J. Duncan, Lawrence F. Katz, Ronald C. Kessler, and Lisa Sanbonmatsu. 2008. "What Can We Learn about Neighborhood Effects from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment?" //American Journal of Sociology// 114(July): 144â88.

D. Welfare
Edin, Kathryn and Laura Lein. 1997. //Making Ends Meet.// New York: Russell Sage.

Smeeding, Timothy. 2006. "Poor People in Rich Nations: The United States in Comparative Perspective" //Journal of Economic Perspectives// 20(Winter): 69.

Blank, Rebecca M.. 2002. "Evaluating Welfare Reform in the United States." //Journal of Economic Literature// 40(December): 1105-66.

Korpi, Walter and Joakim Palme. 2003. "New politics and class politics in the context of austerity and globalization: Welfare state regress in 18 countries, 1975-95." //American Political Science Review// 97(August): 425-446.

Moffitt, Robert. 2002. "From Welfare to Work: What the Evidence Shows." Brookings Institution Policy Brief no. 13.

Hofferth, Sandra L., Stephan Stanhope, and Kathleen Mullan Harris. 2005. “Remaining off Welfare in the 1990s: The Influence of Public Policy and Economic Conditions.” //Social Science Research// 34:426-53.

Introduction
Deborah K. King 1998. “Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Consciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology.” //Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society//, vol. 14, no. 1.

Rose M. Brewer. 1993. "Theorizing Race, Class and Gender: The New Scholarship of Black Feminist Intellectuals and Black Women's Labor," pp.13-30 in Stalie M. James and Abena P.A. Busia, eds. __T__//heorizing Black Feminisms: The Visionary Pragmatism of Black Women//. London: Routledge,.

Patricia Hill Collins. 1993. “Toward a New Vision: Race, Class, and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection.” //Race, Sex, & Class,// 1, no 1, Fall.

Maxine Baca Zinn & Bonnie Thornton Dill. 1996. "Theorizing Difference from Multiracial Feminism." //Feminist Studies// 22, no.2 (Summer):321-331.

Candace West & Sarah Fenstermaker, “Doing Difference.” 1995. //Gender & Society//, Vol.9 No.1, (February)8-37.

THE METHODOLOGY OF INTERSECTIONAL ANALYSIS: QUALITATIVE APPROACHES INTRODUCTION PART III THE METHODOLOGY OF INTERSECTIONAL ANALYSIS: QUANTITATIVE METHODS

INTRODUCTION F. Collins – Critical Race Theory

You should have a clear understanding of Critical Race Theory in comparison to other theoretical approaches to understanding race issues.

= To Be Considered = = = Chan, Tak Wing and John H. Goldthorpe. 2007. "Class and Status: The Conceptual Distinction and its Empirical Relevance." American Sociological Review, Vol. 72 (August: 512-532)